blood group history:-

Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist, In1900 discovered three human blood groups. These were the A, B and O blood groups. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1930.

Karl Landsteiner was born in Vienna on June 14, 1868. His father, Leopold Landsteiner, a doctor of law, was a well- known journalist and newspaper publisher, who died when Karl was six years old. Karl was brought up by his mother, Fanny Hess, to whom he was so devoted that a death mask of her hung on his wall until he died. After leaving school, Landsteiner studied medicine at the University of Vienna, graduating in 1891. Even while he was a student he had begun to do biochemical research and in 1891 he published a paper on the influence of diet on the composition of blood ash. To gain further knowledge of chemistry he spent the next five years in the laboratories of Hantzsch at Zurich, Emil Fischer at Wurzburg, and E. Bamberger at Munich.

Antigens:-Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance. Antigens include toxins, chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or other substances that come from outside the body. Body tissues and cells, including cancer cells, also have antigens on them that can cause an immune response.

It is a two types A antigen and B antigen.

Antibody:-A protein made by plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen (a substance that causes the body to make a specific immune response).

It also two types A antibody and B antibody .

Diagram of antigen and antibody.

Blood group	Antigen present	Antibody present
A	(A) antigen	(B) antibody
B	(B) antigen	(A) antibody
O	no antigen	both antibody
AB	both antigen	no Antibody

The blood group negative and positive depends upon

If RH factor absence then blood group negative.

If RH factor present then blood group positive.

AB blood group is a Universal Recipient.

O blood group is a Universal donar.

(1) A + , positive ( blood group)

Can donate blood ----. A+. and AB+

Can receive blood ---- A+. A-. O+. O-

(2) A- , negative ( blood group)

Can donate blood ----- A+. A-. AB+. AB-.

can receive blood ---- A-. AND. O-

(3) B+ positive (blood group)

Can Donate blood --- B+. AND AB+

Can receive blood ----B+. B-. O+. O-

(4) B- negative (blood group)

Can donate blood ---- B-. B+. AB-. AB+

Can receive blood ----B-. AND O-

(5) AB + (Universal Recipient.)

Can donate blood ---- AB+

Can receive blood ---- every blood group.

(6) AB- (Universal Recipient)

Can donate blood ---AB+ and. AB-.

Can receive blood --- A-. A+. AB-. O-

(7)O+ ( Universal donar)

Can donate blood ---- A+. A-. AB-. O-.

Can receive blood --- O+. And O-

(8) O- (Universal donar)

Can donate blood --- all the blood groups

Can receive blood ---. Only O- blood group.

In a simple structure you can know which blood can donate a blood.

Note:- if we give another blood that is not matching with a person blood is causes a disease is called AHTR Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions.

Blood group world presentage:-

A :- 33.50%

B:- 16%

O:- 45%

AB:- 55%

Blood group Indian percentage:-

A:- 23%

B:- 34%

O:- 34.50%

AB:- 8%

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blood group history:-

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